Scientific Workplace 6 Keygen Crack Serial

4/29/2019
Jump to navigationJump to search
  1. Keygen Cracks Serial Key Generators
  2. Scientific Workplace 6 Crack
Not to be confused with Heroine. For other uses, see Heroin (disambiguation).

Scientific Workplace 6 Pro Crack,Keygen Full. Full Version Softwares Crack Patch Keygen Serial keys activation keys license codes removewat idm crack windows. Jul 30, 2018  Version 6 of Scientific WorkPlace, Scientific Word, and Scientific Notebook for Windows and Macintosh are available for download. A form is provided where you can check if you qualify for a free update from your current Version 5.5. If so, you are then provided with the Version 6.0 serial number. Jul 17, 2016 - Scientific Workplace 6 Pro Crack,Keygen Full. Paragon NTFS 14 Crack, Serial Number Mac OS X Down. Picture To Exe Deluxe.

Heroin
INN: Diamorphine[1]
Clinical data
PronunciationHeroin: /ˈhɛrɪn/
SynonymsDiacetylmorphine, acetomorphine, (dual) acetylated morphine, morphine diacetate
AHFS/Drugs.comheroin
Dependence
liability
Physical: Very high
Psychological: Very high
Addiction
liability
High[2]
Routes of
administration
Intravenous, inhalation, transmucosal, by mouth, intranasal, rectal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intrathecal
Drug classOpioid
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU:S9 (Prohibited)
  • CA: Schedule I
  • DE: Anlage I, II and III
  • NZ: Class A
  • UK:Class A
  • US:Schedule I
  • UN:Narcotic Schedules I and IV
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability<35% (by mouth), 44–61% (inhaled)[3]
Protein binding0% (morphine metabolite 35%)
Metabolismliver
Onset of actionWithin minutes[4]
Elimination half-life2–3 minutes[5]
Duration of action4 to 5 hours[6]
Excretion90% kidney as glucuronides, rest biliary
Identifiers
  • (5α,6α)-7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3,6-diol diacetate
CAS Number
  • 561-27-3
PubChemCID
DrugBank
  • DB01452
ChemSpider
UNII
ChEBI
ChEMBL
  • ChEMBL459324
CompTox Dashboard(EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.008.380
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC21H23NO5
Molar mass369.41 g/mol g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • CC(OC1=C(O[C@@H]2[C@]34CCN(C)[C@@H]([C@@H]4C=C[C@@H]2OC(C)=O)C5)C3=C5C=C1)=O
  • InChI=1S/C21H23NO5/c1-11(23)25-16-6-4-13-10-15-14-5-7-17(26-12(2)24)20-21(14,8-9-22(15)3)18(13)19(16)27-20/h4-7,14-15,17,20H,8-10H2,1-3H3/t14-,15+,17-,20-,21-/m0/s1
(verify)

Heroin, also known as diamorphine among other names,[1] is an opioid most commonly used as a recreational drug for its euphoric effects.[2] It is used medically in several countries to relieve pain or in opioid replacement therapy.[7][8][9] It is typically injected, usually into a vein, but it can also be smoked, snorted, or inhaled.[2][10][11] The onset of effects is usually rapid and lasts for a few hours.[2]

Common side effects include respiratory depression (decreased breathing), dry mouth, drowsiness, impaired mental function, constipation, and addiction.[10] Side effects of use by injection can include abscesses, infected heart valves, blood-borne infections, and pneumonia.[10] After a history of long-term use, opioid withdrawal symptoms can begin within hours of the last use.[10] When given by injection into a vein, heroin has two to three times the effect of a similar dose of morphine.[2] It typically comes as a white or brown powder.[10]

Treatment of heroin addiction often includes behavioral therapy and medications.[10] Medications can include buprenorphine, methadone, or naltrexone.[10] A heroin overdose may be treated with naloxone.[10] An estimated 17 million people as of 2015 use opiates, of which heroin is the most common,[12][13] and opioid use resulted in 122,000 deaths.[14] The total number of heroin users worldwide as of 2015 is believed to have increased in Africa, the Americas, and Asia since 2000.[15] In the United States, approximately 1.6 percent of people have used heroin at some point, with 950,000 using it in the last year.[10][16] When people die from overdosing on a drug, the drug is usually an opioid and often heroin.[12][17]

Heroin was first made by C. R. Alder Wright in 1874 from morphine, a natural product of the opium poppy.[18] Internationally, heroin is controlled under Schedules I and IV of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs,[19] and it is generally illegal to make, possess, or sell without a license.[20] About 448 tons of heroin were made in 2016.[15] In 2015, Afghanistan produced about 66-percent of the world's opium.[12] Illegal heroin is often mixed with other substances such as sugar, starch, quinine, or strychnine.[2]

  • 1Uses
    • 1.2Medical uses
  • 2Routes of administration
  • 3Adverse effects
  • 8Society and culture
    • 8.2Legal status
    • 8.3Economics

Uses

Recreational

The original trade name of heroin is typically used in non-medical settings. It is used as a recreational drug for the euphoria it induces. Anthropologist Michael Agar once described heroin as 'the perfect whatever drug.'[21]Tolerance develops quickly, and increased doses are needed in order to achieve the same effects. Its popularity with recreational drug users, compared to morphine, reportedly stems from its perceived different effects.[22]

Short-term addiction studies by the same researchers demonstrated that tolerance developed at a similar rate to both heroin and morphine. When compared to the opioids hydromorphone, fentanyl, oxycodone, and pethidine (meperidine), former addicts showed a strong preference for heroin and morphine, suggesting that heroin and morphine are particularly susceptible to abuse and addiction. Morphine and heroin were also much more likely to produce euphoria and other positive subjective effects when compared to these other opioids.[23][citation needed]

Medical uses

In the United States, heroin is not accepted as medically useful.[2]

Under the generic name diamorphine, heroin is prescribed as a strong pain medication in the United Kingdom, where it is administered via subcutaneous, intramuscular, intrathecal or intravenous routes. It may be prescribed for the treatment of acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain and chronic pain, including end-stage terminal illnesses. In other countries it is more common to use morphine or other strong opioids in these situations. In 2004 the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence produced guidance on the management of caesarean section, which recommended the use of intrathecal or epidural diamorphine for post-operative pain relief.[24]

Diamorphine continues to be widely used in palliative care in the UK, where it is commonly given by the subcutaneous route, often via a syringe driver, if patients cannot easily swallow morphine solution. The advantage of diamorphine over morphine is that diamorphine is more fat soluble and therefore more potent by injection, so smaller doses of it are needed for the same effect on pain. Both of these factors are advantageous if giving high doses of opioids via the subcutaneous route, which is often necessary in palliative care.

Maintenance therapy

Main article: Heroin-assisted treatment

A number of European countries prescribe heroin for treatment of heroin addiction.[25] Diamorphine may be used as a maintenance drug to assist the treatment of opiate addiction, normally in long-term chronic intravenous (IV) heroin users. It is only prescribed following exhaustive efforts at treatment via other means. It is sometimes thought that heroin users can walk into a clinic and walk out with a prescription, but the process takes many weeks before a prescription for diamorphine is issued. Though this is somewhat controversial among proponents of a zero-tolerancedrug policy, it has proven superior to methadone in improving the social and health situations of addicts.[26]

The UK Department of Health's Rolleston Committee Report[27] in 1926 established the British approach to diamorphine prescription to users, which was maintained for the next 40 years: dealers were prosecuted, but doctors could prescribe diamorphine to users when withdrawing. In 1964 the Brain Committee recommended that only selected approved doctors working at approved specialised centres be allowed to prescribe diamorphine and benzoylmethylecgonine (cocaine) to users. The law was made more restrictive in 1968. Beginning in the 1970s, the emphasis shifted to abstinence and the use of methadone; currently only a small number of users in the UK are prescribed diamorphine.[28]

In 1994, Switzerland began a trial diamorphine maintenance program for users that had failed multiple withdrawal programs. The aim of this program was to maintain the health of the user by avoiding medical problems stemming from the illicit use of diamorphine. The first trial in 1994 involved 340 users, although enrollment was later expanded to 1000, based on the apparent success of the program. The trials proved diamorphine maintenance to be superior to other forms of treatment in improving the social and health situation for this group of patients.[29] It has also been shown to save money, despite high treatment expenses, as it significantly reduces costs incurred by trials, incarceration, health interventions and delinquency.[30] Patients appear twice daily at a treatment center, where they inject their dose of diamorphine under the supervision of medical staff. They are required to contribute about 450 Swiss francs per month to the treatment costs.[31] A national referendum in November 2008 showed 68% of voters supported the plan,[32] introducing diamorphine prescription into federal law. The previous trials were based on time-limited executive ordinances. The success of the Swiss trials led German, Dutch,[33] and Canadian[34] cities to try out their own diamorphine prescription programs.[35] Some Australian cities (such as Sydney) have instituted legal diamorphine supervised injecting centers, in line with other wider harm minimization programs.

Since January 2009, Denmark has prescribed diamorphine to a few addicts that have tried methadone and subutex without success.[36] Beginning in February 2010, addicts in Copenhagen and Odense became eligible to receive free diamorphine. Later in 2010 other cities including Århus and Esbjerg joined the scheme. It was supposed that around 230 addicts would be able to receive free diamorphine.[37]

However, Danish addicts would only be able to inject heroin according to the policy set by Danish National Board of Health.[38] Of the estimated 1500 drug users who did not benefit from the then-current oral substitution treatment, approximately 900 would not be in the target group for treatment with injectable diamorphine, either because of 'massive multiple drug abuse of non-opioids' or 'not wanting treatment with injectable diamorphine'.[39][needs update]

In July 2009, the German Bundestag passed a law allowing diamorphine prescription as a standard treatment for addicts; a large-scale trial of diamorphine prescription had been authorized in the country in 2002.[40]

On August 26, 2016 Health Canada issued regulations amending prior regulations it had issued under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act; the 'New Classes of Practitioners Regulations', the 'Narcotic Control Regulations', and the 'Food and Drug Regulations', to allow doctors to prescribe diamorphine to people who have a severe opioid addiction who have not responded to other treatments.[41][42] The prescription heroin can be accessed by doctors through Health Canada's Special Access Programme (SAP) for 'emergency access to drugs for patients with serious or life-threatening conditions when conventional treatments have failed, are unsuitable, or are unavailable.'[41]

Routes of administration

Recreational uses:

Medicinal uses:

  • Anti-diarrheal
Contraindications:
  • Ethanol (alcoholic beverages), isopropanol, 2M2B
  • Barbiturates and benzodiazepines
  • Other opioids
Central nervous system:

Neurological:

Psychological:

Cardiovascular & Respiratory:

Gastrointestinal:

  • Protracted vomiting
  • Dyspepsia (heartburn)

Musculoskeletal:

Skin:

  • Itching
  • Flushing/Rash

Miscellaneous:

  • Dry mouth (xerostomia)
  • Miosis (pupil constriction)

The onset of heroin's effects depends upon the route of administration. Studies have shown that the subjective pleasure of drug use (the reinforcing component of addiction) is proportional to the rate at which the blood level of the drug increases.[43]Intravenous injection is the fastest route of drug administration, causing blood concentrations to rise the most quickly, followed by smoking, suppository (anal or vaginal insertion), insufflation (snorting), and ingestion (swallowing).

Ingestion does not produce a rush as forerunner to the high experienced with the use of heroin, which is most pronounced with intravenous use. While the onset of the rush induced by injection can occur in as little as a few seconds, the oral route of administration requires approximately half an hour before the high sets in. Thus, with both higher the dosage of heroin used and faster the route of administration used, the higher potential risk for psychological addiction.

Large doses of heroin can cause fatal respiratory depression, and the drug has been used for suicide or as a murder weapon. The serial killer Harold Shipman used diamorphine on his victims, and the subsequent Shipman Inquiry led to a tightening of the regulations surrounding the storage, prescribing and destruction of controlled drugs in the UK. John Bodkin Adams is also known to have used heroin as a murder weapon.[citation needed]

Because significant tolerance to respiratory depression develops quickly with continued use and is lost just as quickly during withdrawal, it is often difficult to determine whether a heroin lethal overdose was accidental, suicide or homicide. Examples include the overdose deaths of Sid Vicious, Janis Joplin, Tim Buckley, Hillel Slovak, Layne Staley, Bradley Nowell, Ted Binion, and River Phoenix.[44]

Chronic use of heroin and other opioids has been shown to be a potential cause of hyponatremia, resultant because of excess vasopressin secretion.

By mouth

Use of heroin by mouth is less common than other methods of administration, mainly because there is little to no 'rush', and the effects are less potent.[45] Heroin is entirely converted to morphine by means of first-pass metabolism, resulting in deacetylation when ingested. Heroin's oral bioavailability is both dose-dependent (as is morphine's) and significantly higher than oral use of morphine itself, reaching up to 64.2% for high doses and 45.6% for low doses; opiate-naive users showed far less absorption of the drug at low doses, having bioavailabilities of only up to 22.9%. The maximum plasma concentration of morphine following oral administration of heroin was around twice as much as that of oral morphine.[46]

Injection

Injection, also known as 'slamming', 'banging', 'shooting up', 'digging' or 'mainlining', is a popular method which carries relatively greater risks than other methods of administration. Heroin base (commonly found in Europe), when prepared for injection, will only dissolve in water when mixed with an acid (most commonly citric acid powder or lemon juice) and heated. Heroin in the east-coast United States is most commonly found in the hydrochloride salt form, requiring just water (and no heat) to dissolve. Users tend to initially inject in the easily accessible arm veins, but as these veins collapse over time, users resort to more dangerous areas of the body, such as the femoral vein in the groin. Users who have used this route of administration often develop a deep vein thrombosis.[medical citation needed] Intravenous users can use a various single dose range using a hypodermic needle. The dose of heroin used for recreational purposes is dependent on the frequency and level of use: thus a first-time user may use between 5 and 20 mg, while an established addict may require several hundred mg per day. As with the injection of any drug, if a group of users share a common needle without sterilization procedures, blood-borne diseases, such as HIV/AIDS or hepatitis, can be transmitted.The use of a common dispenser for water for the use in the preparation of the injection, as well as the sharing of spoons and/or filters can also cause the spread of blood-borne diseases. Many countries now supply small sterile spoons and filters for single use in order to prevent the spread of disease.[47]

Smoking

Smoking heroin refers to vaporizing it to inhale the resulting fumes, rather than burning and inhaling the smoke. It is commonly smoked in glass pipes made from glassblownPyrex tubes and light bulbs. Heroin may be smoked from aluminium foil, which is heated by an underneath flame, with the resulting smoke inhaled through a tube of rolled up foil, a method also known as 'chasing the dragon'.[48]

Insufflation

Another popular route to intake heroin is insufflation (snorting), where a user crushes the heroin into a fine powder and then gently inhales it (sometimes with a straw or a rolled-up banknote, as with cocaine) into the nose, where heroin is absorbed through the soft tissue in the mucous membrane of the sinus cavity and straight into the bloodstream. This method of administration redirects first-pass metabolism, with a quicker onset and higher bioavailability than oral administration, though the duration of action is shortened. This method is sometimes preferred by users who do not want to prepare and administer heroin for injection or smoking, but still experience a fast onset. Snorting heroin becomes an often unwanted route, once a user begins to inject the drug. The user may still get high on the drug from snorting, and experience a nod, but will not get a rush. A 'rush' is caused by a large amount of heroin entering the body at once. When the drug is taken in through the nose, the user does not get the rush because the drug is absorbed slowly rather than instantly.

Suppository

Little research has been focused on the suppository (anal insertion) or pessary (vaginal insertion) methods of administration, also known as 'plugging'. These methods of administration are commonly carried out using an oral syringe. Heroin can be dissolved and withdrawn into an oral syringe which may then be lubricated and inserted into the anus or vagina before the plunger is pushed. The rectum or the vaginal canal is where the majority of the drug would likely be taken up, through the membranes lining their walls.

Adverse effects

Like most opioids, unadulterated heroin may lead to adverse effects. The purity of street heroin varies greatly, leading to overdoses when the purity is higher than they expected.[49]

Short term effects

Short-term effects of usage[50]

Users report an intense rush, an acute transcendent state of euphoria, which occurs while diamorphine is being metabolized into 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) and morphine in the brain. Some believe that heroin produces more euphoria than other opioids; one possible explanation is the presence of 6-monoacetylmorphine, a metabolite unique to heroin – although a more likely explanation is the rapidity of onset. While other opioids of recreational use produce only morphine, heroin also leaves 6-MAM, also a psycho-active metabolite. However, this perception is not supported by the results of clinical studies comparing the physiological and subjective effects of injected heroin and morphine in individuals formerly addicted to opioids; these subjects showed no preference for one drug over the other. Equipotent injected doses had comparable action courses, with no difference in subjects' self-rated feelings of euphoria, ambition, nervousness, relaxation, drowsiness, or sleepiness.[23] The rush is usually accompanied by a warm flushing of the skin, dry mouth, and a heavy feeling in the extremities. Nausea, vomiting, and severe itching may also occur. After the initial effects, users usually will be drowsy for several hours; mental function is clouded; heart function slows; and breathing is also severely slowed, sometimes enough to be life-threatening. Slowed breathing can also lead to coma and permanent brain damage.[51]

Long term effects

Long-term effects of intravenous usage, including – and indeed primarily because of – the effects of the contaminants common in illegal heroin and contaminated needles.[50]

Repeated heroin use changes the physical structure and physiology of the brain, creating long-term imbalances in neuronal and hormonal systems that are not easily reversed. Studies have shown some deterioration of the brain's white matter due to heroin use, which may affect decision-making abilities, the ability to regulate behavior, and responses to stressful situations. Heroin also produces profound degrees of tolerance and physical dependence. Tolerance occurs when more and more of the drug is required to achieve the same effects. With physical dependence, the body adapts to the presence of the drug, and withdrawal symptoms occur if use is reduced abruptly.[51]

Injection

Intravenous use of heroin (and any other substance) with needles and syringes or other related equipment may lead to:

  • Contracting blood-borne pathogens such as HIV and hepatitis via the sharing of needles
  • Contracting bacterial or fungal endocarditis and possibly venous sclerosis
  • Poisoning from contaminants added to 'cut' or dilute heroin
  • Decreased kidney function (nephropathy), although it is not currently known if this is because of adulterants or infectious diseases[52]

Withdrawal

Main article: Opioid withdrawal

The withdrawal syndrome from heroin may begin within as little as two hours of discontinuation of the drug; however, this time frame can fluctuate with the degree of tolerance as well as the amount of the last consumed dose, and more typically begins with 6–24 hours after cessation. Symptoms may include sweating, malaise, anxiety, depression, akathisia, priapism, extra sensitivity of the genitals in females, general feeling of heaviness, excessive yawning or sneezing, rhinorrhea, insomnia, cold sweats, chills, severe muscle and bone aches, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, watery eyes,[53] fever, cramp-like pains, and involuntary spasms in the limbs (thought to be an origin of the term 'kicking the habit'[54]).[55]

Overdose

Heroin overdose is usually treated with the opioid antagonist, naloxone. This reverses the effects of heroin and causes an immediate return of consciousness but may result in withdrawal symptoms. The half-life of naloxone is shorter than some opioids, such that it may need to be given multiple times until the opioid has been metabolized by the body.

Between 2012 and 2015 it was the leading cause of drug related deaths in the United States.[56] Since then fentanyl is a more common causes of drug related deaths.[56]

Depending on drug interactions and numerous other factors, death from overdose can take anywhere from several minutes to several hours. Death usually occurs due to lack of oxygen resulting from the lack of breathing caused by the opioid. Heroin overdoses can occur because of an unexpected increase in the dose or purity or because of diminished opioid tolerance. However, many fatalities reported as overdoses are probably caused by interactions with other depressant drugs such as alcohol or benzodiazepines.[57] It should also be noted that since heroin can cause nausea and vomiting, a significant number of deaths attributed to heroin overdose are caused by aspiration of vomit by an unconscious person. Some sources quote the median lethal dose (for an average 75 kg opiate-naive individual) as being between 75 and 600 mg.[58][59] Illicit heroin is of widely varying and unpredictable purity. This means that the user may prepare what they consider to be a moderate dose while actually taking far more than intended. Also, tolerance typically decreases after a period of abstinence. If this occurs and the user takes a dose comparable to their previous use, the user may experience drug effects that are much greater than expected, potentially resulting in an overdose. It has been speculated that an unknown portion of heroin-related deaths are the result of an overdose or allergic reaction to quinine, which may sometimes be used as a cutting agent.[60]

  • Drug overdoses killed more than 72,000 in the US in 2017, with heroin involved in 15,958 of those deaths.[61]

  • US yearly overdose deaths involving heroin.[61]

  • US yearly deaths from all opioid drugs. Included in this number are opioid analgesics, along with heroin and illicit synthetic opioids.[61]

Pharmacology

When taken orally, heroin undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism via deacetylation, making it a prodrug for the systemic delivery of morphine.[62] When the drug is injected, however, it avoids this first-pass effect, very rapidly crossing the blood–brain barrier because of the presence of the acetyl groups, which render it much more fat soluble than morphine itself.[63] Once in the brain, it then is deacetylated variously into the inactive 3-monoacetylmorphine and the active 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM), and then to morphine, which bind to μ-opioid receptors, resulting in the drug's euphoric, analgesic (pain relief), and anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) effects; heroin itself exhibits relatively low affinity for the μ receptor.[64] Analgesia follows from the activation its G-protein coupled receptor, which indirectly hyperpolarize of the neurone, reduce the release of nociceptive neurotransmitters, and hence cause analgesia and increased pain tolerance.[65]

Unlike hydromorphone and oxymorphone, however, administered intravenously, heroin creates a larger histamine release, similar to morphine, resulting in the feeling of a greater subjective 'body high' to some, but also instances of pruritus (itching) when they first start using.[66][67]

Normally GABA, released from inhibitory neurones, inhibits the release of dopamine. Opiates, like heroin and morphine, decrease the inhibitory activity of such neurones. This causes increased release of dopamine in the brain which is the reason for euphoric and rewarding effects of heroin.[68]

Both morphine and 6-MAM are μ-opioidagonists that bind to receptors present throughout the brain, spinal cord, and gut of all mammals. The μ-opioid receptor also binds endogenous opioid peptides such as β-endorphin, Leu-enkephalin, and Met-enkephalin. Repeated use of heroin results in a number of physiological changes, including an increase in the production of μ-opioid receptors (upregulation).[69] These physiological alterations lead to tolerance and dependence, so that stopping heroin use results in uncomfortable symptoms including pain, anxiety, muscle spasms, and insomnia called the opioid withdrawal syndrome. Depending on usage it has an onset 4–24 hours after the last dose of heroin. Morphine also binds to δ- and κ-opioid receptors.

There is also evidence that 6-MAM binds to a subtype of μ-opioid receptors that are also activated by the morphine metabolite morphine-6β-glucuronide but not morphine itself.[70] The third subtype of third opioid type is the mu-3 receptor, which may be a commonality to other six-position monoesters of morphine. The contribution of these receptors to the overall pharmacology of heroin remains unknown.

A subclass of morphine derivatives, namely the 3,6 esters of morphine, with similar effects and uses, includes the clinically used strong analgesics nicomorphine (Vilan), and dipropanoylmorphine; there is also the latter's dihydromorphine analogue, diacetyldihydromorphine (Paralaudin). Two other 3,6 diesters of morphine invented in 1874–75 along with diamorphine, dibenzoylmorphine and acetylpropionylmorphine, were made as substitutes after it was outlawed in 1925 and, therefore, sold as the first 'designer drugs' until they were outlawed by the League of Nations in 1930.

Chemistry

Heroin is derived from opium through a process involving various chemicals such as acetone and acetic anhydride.[71]

The major metabolites of diamorphine, 6-MAM, morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide, may be quantitated in blood, plasma or urine to monitor for abuse, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning or assist in a medicolegal death investigation. Most commercial opiate screening tests cross-react appreciably with these metabolites, as well as with other biotransformation products likely to be present following usage of street-grade diamorphine such as 6-acetylcodeine and codeine. However, chromatographic techniques can easily distinguish and measure each of these substances. When interpreting the results of a test, it is important to consider the diamorphine usage history of the individual, since a chronic user can develop tolerance to doses that would incapacitate an opiate-naive individual, and the chronic user often has high baseline values of these metabolites in his system. Furthermore, some testing procedures employ a hydrolysis step before quantitation that converts many of the metabolic products to morphine, yielding a result that may be 2 times larger than with a method that examines each product individually.[72]

History

Advertisement for Bayer Heroin
See also: History of opium in China

The opium poppy was cultivated in lower Mesopotamia as long ago as 3400 BC.[73] The chemical analysis of opium in the 19th century revealed that most of its activity could be ascribed to the alkaloidscodeine and morphine.

Diamorphine was first synthesized in 1874 by C. R. Alder Wright, an English chemist working at St. Mary's Hospital Medical School in London who had been experimenting combining morphine with various acids. He boiled anhydrous morphine alkaloid with acetic anhydride for several hours and produced a more potent, acetylated form of morphine which is now called diacetylmorphine or morphine diacetate. He sent the compound to F. M. Pierce of Owens College in Manchester for analysis. Pierce told Wright:

Doses… were subcutaneously injected into young dogs and rabbit… with the following general results… great prostration, fear, and sleepiness speedily following the administration, the eyes being sensitive, and pupils constrict, considerable salivation being produced in dogs, and slight tendency to vomiting in some cases, but no actual emesis. Respiration was at first quickened, but subsequently reduced, and the heart's action was diminished, and rendered irregular. Marked want of coordinating power over the muscular movements, and loss of power in the pelvis and hind limbs, together with a diminution of temperature in the rectum of about 4°.[74]

Bayer Heroin bottle

Wright's invention did not lead to any further developments, and diamorphine became popular only after it was independently re-synthesized 23 years later by chemist Felix Hoffmann.[75] Hoffmann was working at Bayer pharmaceutical company in Elberfeld, Germany, and his supervisor Heinrich Dreser instructed him to acetylate morphine with the objective of producing codeine, a constituent of the opium poppy that is pharmacologically similar to morphine but less potent and less addictive. Instead, the experiment produced an acetylated form of morphine one and a half to two times more potent than morphine itself. The head of Bayer's research department reputedly coined the drug's new name of 'heroin,' based on the German heroisch which means 'heroic, strong' (from the ancient Greek word 'heros, ήρως'). Bayer scientists were not the first to make heroin, but their scientists discovered ways to make it, and Bayer led commercialization of heroin.[76]

In 1895, the German drug company Bayer marketed diacetylmorphine as an over-the-counter drug under the trademark name Heroin.[77] It was developed chiefly as a morphine substitute for cough suppressants that did not have morphine's addictive side-effects. Morphine at the time was a popular recreational drug, and Bayer wished to find a similar but non-addictive substitute to market. However, contrary to Bayer's advertising as a 'non-addictive morphine substitute,' heroin would soon have one of the highest rates of addiction among its users.[78]

From 1898 through to 1910, diamorphine was marketed under the trademark name Heroin as a non-addictive morphine substitute and cough suppressant.[79] In the 11th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica (1910), the article on morphine states: 'In the cough of phthisis minute doses [of morphine] are of service, but in this particular disease morphine is frequently better replaced by codeine or by heroin, which checks irritable coughs without the narcotism following upon the administration of morphine.'

In the U.S., the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act was passed in 1914 to control the sale and distribution of diacetylmorphine and other opioids, which allowed the drug to be prescribed and sold for medical purposes. In 1924, the United States Congress banned its sale, importation, or manufacture. It is now a Schedule I substance, which makes it illegal for non-medical use in signatory nations of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs treaty, including the United States.

The Health Committee of the League of Nations banned diacetylmorphine in 1925, although it took more than three years for this to be implemented. In the meantime, the first designer drugs, viz. 3,6 diesters and 6 monoesters of morphine and acetylated analogues of closely related drugs like hydromorphone and dihydromorphine, were produced in massive quantities to fill the worldwide demand for diacetylmorphine—this continued until 1930 when the Committee banned diacetylmorphine analogues with no therapeutic advantage over drugs already in use, the first major legislation of this type.[citation needed]

Bayer lost some of its trademark rights to heroin under the 1919 Treaty of Versailles following the German defeat in World War I.[citation needed]

Use of heroin by jazz musicians in particular was prevalent in the mid-twentieth century, including Billie Holiday, saxophonists Charlie Parker and Art Pepper, guitarist Joe Pass and piano player/singer Ray Charles; a 'staggering number of jazz musicians were addicts'.[80] It was also a problem with many rock musicians, particularly from the late 1960s through the 1990s. Pete Doherty is also a self-confessed user of heroin.[81]Nirvana lead singer Kurt Cobain's heroin addiction was well documented.[82]Pantera frontman, Phil Anselmo, turned to heroin while touring during the 1990s to cope with his back pain.[83] Many musicians have made songs referencing their heroin usage.[84][85][86][87][88]

Society and culture

Names

'Diamorphine' is the Recommended International Nonproprietary Name and British Approved Name.[1][89] Other synonyms for heroin include: diacetylmorphine, and morphine diacetate. Heroin is also known by many street names including dope, H, smack, junk, horse, and brown, among others.[90]

Legal status

Asia

In Hong Kong, diamorphine is regulated under Schedule 1 of Hong Kong's Chapter 134 Dangerous Drugs Ordinance. It is available by prescription. Anyone supplying diamorphine without a valid prescription can be fined $10,000 (HKD). The penalty for trafficking or manufacturing diamorphine is a $50,000 (HKD) fine and life imprisonment. Possession of diamorphine without a license from the Department of Health is illegal with a $10,000 (HKD) fine and/or 7 years of jail time.[91]

Europe

In the Netherlands, diamorphine is a List I drug of the Opium Law. It is available for prescription under tight regulation exclusively to long-term addicts for whom methadone maintenance treatment has failed. It cannot be used to treat severe pain or other illnesses.[92]

In the United Kingdom, diamorphine is available by prescription, though it is a restricted Class A drug. According to the 50th edition of the British National Formulary (BNF), diamorphine hydrochloride may be used in the treatment of acute pain, myocardial infarction, acute pulmonary oedema, and chronic pain. The treatment of chronic non-malignant pain must be supervised by a specialist. The BNF notes that all opioid analgesics cause dependence and tolerance but that this is 'no deterrent in the control of pain in terminal illness'. When used in the palliative care of cancer patients, diamorphine is often injected using a syringe driver.[93]

In Switzerland, heroin is produced in injectable or tablet form under the name Diaphin by a private company under contract to the Swiss government.[94] Swiss-produced heroin has been imported into Canada with government approval.[95]

Australia

In Australia diamorphine is listed as a schedule 9 prohibited substance under the Poisons Standard (October 2015).[96] A schedule 9 drug is outlined in the Poisons Act 1964 as 'Substances which may be abused or misused, the manufacture, possession, sale or use of which should be prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of the CEO.'[97]

North America

In Canada, diamorphine is a controlled substance[98] under Schedule I of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (CDSA).[99] Any person seeking or obtaining diamorphine without disclosing authorization 30 days before obtaining another prescription from a practitioner is guilty of an indictable offense and subject to imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years. Possession of diamorphine for the purpose of trafficking is an indictable offense and subject to imprisonment for life.

In the United States, diamorphine is a Schedule I drug according to the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, making it illegal to possess without a DEA license.[100] Possession of more than 100 grams of diamorphine or a mixture containing diamorphine is punishable with a minimum mandatory sentence of 5 years of imprisonment in a federal prison.

Scientific workplace 5.5 crack

Abuse of prescription medication

Abused prescription medicine such as opioid can lead to heroin addiction.[101] The number of death from illegal opioid overdose follows the increasing number of death caused by prescription opioid overdoses.[102] Prescription opioids are relatively easy to obtain.[103] This may ultimately lead to heroin injection because heroin is cheaper than prescribed pills.[101]

Economics

Production

Diamorphine is produced from acetylation of morphine derived from natural opium sources. Numerous mechanical and chemical means are used to purify the final product. The final products have a different appearance depending on purity and have different names.[104]

Crack

Heroin grades

Heroin purity has been classified into four grades. No.4 is the purest form – white powder (salt) to be easily dissolved and injected. No.3 is 'brown sugar' for smoking (base). No.1 and No.2 are unprocessed raw heroin (salt or base).[105]

Trafficking and production

International drug routes
See also: Opium § Modern production and usage

Traffic is heavy worldwide, with the biggest producer being Afghanistan. According to a U.N. sponsored survey,[106] in 2004, Afghanistan accounted for production of 87 percent of the world's diamorphine.[107] Afghan opium kills around 100,000 people annually.[108]

In 2003 The Independent reported:[109][110]

Keygen Cracks Serial Key Generators

... The cultivation of opium [in Afghanistan] reached its peak in 1999, when 350 square miles (910 km2) of poppies were sown ... The following year the Taliban banned poppy cultivation, ... a move which cut production by 94 percent ... By 2001 only 30 square miles (78 km2) of land were in use for growing opium poppies. A year later, after American and British troops had removed the Taliban and installed the interim government, the land under cultivation leapt back to 285 square miles (740 km2), with Afghanistan supplanting Burma to become the world's largest opium producer once more.

Opium production in that country has increased rapidly since, reaching an all-time high in 2006. War in Afghanistan once again appeared as a facilitator of the trade.[111] Some 3.3 million Afghans are involved in producing opium.[112]

Afghanistan opium poppy cultivation, 1994–2016 (hectares)

At present, opium poppies are mostly grown in Afghanistan (224,000 hectares (550,000 acres)), and in Southeast Asia, especially in the region known as the Golden Triangle straddling Burma (57,600 hectares (142,000 acres)), Thailand, Vietnam, Laos (6,200 hectares (15,000 acres)) and Yunnan province in China. There is also cultivation of opium poppies in Pakistan (493 hectares (1,220 acres)), Mexico (12,000 hectares (30,000 acres)) and in Colombia (378 hectares (930 acres)).[113] According to the DEA, the majority of the heroin consumed in the United States comes from Mexico (50%) and Colombia (43-45%) via Mexican criminal cartels such as Sinaloa Cartel.[114] However, these statistics may be significantly unreliable, the DEA's 50/50 split between Colombia and Mexico is contradicted by the amount of hectares cultivated in each country and in 2014, the DEA claimed most of the heroin in the US came from Colombia.[115]As of 2015, the Sinaloa Cartel is the most active drug cartel involved in smuggling illicit drugs such as heroin into the United States and trafficking them throughout the United States.[116] According to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 90% of the heroin seized in Canada (where the origin was known) came from Afghanistan.[117] Pakistan is the destination and transit point for 40 percent of the opiates produced in Afghanistan, other destinations of Afghan opiates are Russia, Europe and Iran.[118][119]

Conviction for trafficking heroin carries the death penalty in most Southeast Asian, some East Asian and Middle Eastern countries (see Use of death penalty worldwide for details), among which Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand are the most strict. The penalty applies even to citizens of countries where the penalty is not in place, sometimes causing controversy when foreign visitors are arrested for trafficking, for example the arrest of nine Australians in Bali, the death sentence given to Nola Blake in Thailand in 1987, or the hanging of an Australian citizen Van Tuong Nguyen in Singapore.

Trafficking history

Primary worldwide producers of heroin

Scientific Workplace 6 Crack

The origins of the present international illegal heroin trade can be traced back to laws passed in many countries in the early 1900s that closely regulated the production and sale of opium and its derivatives including heroin. At first, heroin flowed from countries where it was still legal into countries where it was no longer legal. By the mid-1920s, heroin production had been made illegal in many parts of the world. An illegal trade developed at that time between heroin labs in China (mostly in Shanghai and Tianjin) and other nations. The weakness of government in China and conditions of civil war enabled heroin production to take root there. Chinese triad gangs eventually came to play a major role in the illicit heroin trade. The French Connection route started in the 1930s.

Heroin trafficking was virtually eliminated in the U.S. during World War II because of temporary trade disruptions caused by the war. Japan's war with China had cut the normal distribution routes for heroin and the war had generally disrupted the movement of opium. After World War II, the Mafia took advantage of the weakness of the postwar Italian government and set up heroin labs in Sicily. The Mafia took advantage of Sicily's location along the historic route opium took westward into Europe and the United States.[120] Large-scale international heroin production effectively ended in China with the victory of the communists in the civil war in the late 1940s.[citation needed] The elimination of Chinese production happened at the same time that Sicily's role in the trade developed.

Although it remained legal in some countries until after World War II, health risks, addiction, and widespread recreational use led most western countries to declare heroin a controlled substance by the latter half of the 20th century. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the CIA supported anti-Communist Chinese Nationalists settled near the Sino-Burmese border and Hmong tribesmen in Laos. This helped the development of the Golden Triangle opium production region, which supplied about one-third of heroin consumed in US after the 1973 American withdrawal from Vietnam. In 1999, Burma, the heartland of the Golden Triangle, was the second largest producer of heroin, after Afghanistan.[121]

The Soviet-Afghan war led to increased production in the Pakistani-Afghan border regions, as U.S.-backed mujaheddin militants raised money for arms from selling opium, contributing heavily to the modern Golden Crescent creation. By 1980, 60 percent of heroin sold in the U.S. originated in Afghanistan.[121] It increased international production of heroin at lower prices in the 1980s. The trade shifted away from Sicily in the late 1970s as various criminal organizations violently fought with each other over the trade. The fighting also led to a stepped-up government law enforcement presence in Sicily.

Following the discovery at a Jordanian airport of a toner cartridge that had been modified into an improvised explosive device, the resultant increased level of airfreight scrutiny led to a major shortage (drought) of heroin from October 2010 until April 2011. This was reported in most of mainland Europe and the UK which led to a price increase of approximately 30 percent in the cost of street heroin and an increased demand for diverted methadone. The number of addicts seeking treatment also increased significantly during this period. Other heroin droughts (shortages) have been attributed to cartels restricting supply in order to force a price increase and also to a fungus that attacked the opium crop of 2009. Many people[weasel words] thought that the American government had introduced pathogens into the Afghanistan atmosphere in order to destroy the opium crop and thus starve insurgents of income.[citation needed]

On 13 March 2012, Haji Bagcho, with ties to the Taliban, was convicted by a U.S. District Court of conspiracy, distribution of heroin for importation into the United States and narco-terrorism.[122][123][124][125][126][126] Based on heroin production statistics[127] compiled by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, in 2006, Bagcho's activities accounted for approximately 20 percent of the world's total production for that year.[123][124][125][126]

Street price

The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction reports that the retail price of brown heroin varies from €14.5 per gram in Turkey to €110 per gram in Sweden, with most European countries reporting typical prices of €35–40 per gram. The price of white heroin is reported only by a few European countries and ranged between €27 and €110 per gram.[128]

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime claims in its 2008 World Drug Report that typical US retail prices are US$172 per gram.[129]

Harm reduction

Main articles: Harm reduction, Safe injection sites, and Needle exchange programs
Addiction experts in psychiatry, chemistry, pharmacology, forensic science, epidemiology, and the police and legal services engaged in delphic analysis regarding 20 popular recreational drugs. Heroin was ranked 1st in dependence, physical harm, and social harm.[130]

Harm reduction is a public health philosophy that seeks to reduce the harms associated with the use of illicit drugs. One aspect of harm reduction initiatives focuses on the behaviour of individual users. In the case of diamorphine, this includes promoting safer means of taking the drug, such as smoking, nasal use, oral or rectal insertion. This attempts to avoid the higher risks of overdose, infections and blood-borne viruses associated with injecting the drug. Other measures include using a small amount of the drug first to gauge the strength, and minimize the risks of overdose. For the same reason, poly drug use (the use of two or more drugs at the same time) is discouraged. Injecting diamorphine users are encouraged to use new needles, syringes, spoons/steri-cups and filters every time they inject and not share these with other users. Users are also encouraged to not use it on their own, as others can assist in the event of an overdose.

Governments that support a harm reduction approach usually fund needle and syringe exchange programs, which supply new needles and syringes on a confidential basis, as well as education on proper filtering before injection, safer injection techniques, safe disposal of used injecting gear and other equipment used when preparing diamorphine for injection may also be supplied including citric acid sachets/vitamin C sachets, steri-cups, filters, alcohol pre-injection swabs, sterile water ampules and tourniquets (to stop use of shoe laces or belts).

Another harm reduction measure employed for example in Europe, Canada and Australia are safe injection sites where users can inject diamorphine and cocaine under the supervision of medically trained staff. Safe injection sites are low threshold and allow social services to approach problem users that would otherwise be hard to reach.[131]In the UK the Criminal Justice System has a protocol in place that requires that any individual that is arrested and is suspected of having a substance misuse problem be offered the chance to enter a treatment program. This has had the effect of drastically reducing an area's crime rate as individuals arrested for theft in order to supply the funds for their drugs are no longer in the position of having to steal to purchase heroin because they have been placed onto a methadone program, quite often more quickly than would have been possible had they not been arrested. This aspect of harm reduction is seen as being beneficial to both the individual and the community at large, who are then protected from the possible theft of their goods.[132][133]

During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Swiss authorities ran the ZIPP-AIDS (Zurich Intervention Pilot Project), handing out free syringes in the officially tolerated drug scene in Platzspitz park.[134] In 1994, Zurich started a pilot project using prescription heroin in heroin-assisted treatment (HAT) which allowed users to obtain heroin and inject it under medical supervision.[135] The HAT program proved to be cost-beneficial to society and improve patients overall health and social stability[135] and has since been introduced in multiple European countries.[136]

Research

Researchers are attempting to reproduce the biosynthetic pathway that produces morphine in genetically engineeredyeast.[137] In June 2015 the S-reticuline could be produced from sugar and R-reticuline could be converted to morphine, but the intermediate reaction could not be performed.[138]

See also

References

  1. ^ abcRang HP, Ritter JM, Flower RJ, Henderson G (2014). Rang & Dale's Pharmacology (8th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 515. ISBN9780702054976. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2016. While 'diamorphine' is the recommended International Nonproprietary Name (rINN), this drug is widely known as heroin.
  2. ^ abcdefg'Heroin'. Drugs.com. 18 May 2014. Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
  3. ^Rook EJ, van Ree JM, van den Brink W, Hillebrand MJ, Huitema AD, Hendriks VM, Beijnen JH (2006). 'Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of high doses of pharmaceutically prepared heroin, by intravenous or by inhalation route in opioid-dependent patients'. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 98 (1): 86–96. doi:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2006.pto_233.x. PMID16433897.
  4. ^Riviello, Ralph J. (2010). Manual of forensic emergency medicine : a guide for clinicians. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 41. ISBN978-0-7637-4462-5.
  5. ^'Diamorphine Hydrochloride Injection 30 mg – Summary of Product Characteristics'. electronic Medicines Compendium. ViroPharma Limited. 24 September 2013. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
  6. ^Field, John (2012). The Textbook of Emergency Cardiovascular Care and CPR. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 447. ISBN978-1-4698-0162-9. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
  7. ^Friedrichsdorf, SJ; Postier, A (2014). 'Management of breakthrough pain in children with cancer'. Journal of Pain Research. 7: 117–23. doi:10.2147/JPR.S58862. PMC3953108. PMID24639603.
  8. ^National Collaborating Centre for Cancer, (UK) (May 2012). 'Opioids in Palliative Care: Safe and Effective Prescribing of Strong Opioids for Pain in Palliative Care of Adults'. PMID23285502.
  9. ^Uchtenhagen AA (March 2011). 'Heroin maintenance treatment: from idea to research to practice'(PDF). Drug and Alcohol Review. 30 (2): 130–7. doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2010.00266.x. PMID21375613.
  10. ^ abcdefghi'DrugFacts—Heroin'. National Institute on Drug Abuse. October 2014. Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
  11. ^National Institutes on Drug Abuse (2014). Research Report Series: Heroin(PDF). National Institutes on Drug Abuse. p. 1. Archived(PDF) from the original on 30 December 2016. Highly pure heroin can be snorted or smoked and may be more appealing to new users because it eliminates the stigma associated with injection drug use…. Impure heroin is usually dissolved, diluted, and injected into veins, muscles, or under the skin.
  12. ^ abcCrime, United Nations Office on Drugs and (May 2016). 'Statistical tables'(PDF). World Drug Report 2016. Vienna, Austria. p. xii, 18, 32. ISBN978-92-1-057862-2. Archived(PDF) from the original on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  13. ^'Information sheet on opioid overdose'. WHO. August 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  14. ^GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). 'Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015'. Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC5388903. PMID27733281.
  15. ^ abWorld Drug Report 2017 Part 3(PDF). United Nations. May 2017. pp. 14, 24. ISBN978-92-1-148294-2. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  16. ^'What is the scope of heroin use in the United States?'. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  17. ^Valencia, Marie (23 June 2016). 'Record 29 million people drug-dependent worldwide; heroin use up sharply – UN report'. United Nations Sustainable Development. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  18. ^A Century of International Drug Control. United Nations Publications. 2010. p. 49. ISBN9789211482454. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
  19. ^'Yellow List: List of Narcotic Drugs Under International Control'(PDF). International Narcotics Control Board. December 2004. Archived from the original(PDF) on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2006. Referring URL = 'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 21 June 2006. Retrieved 21 June 2006.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
  20. ^Lyman, Michael D. (2013). Drugs in Society: Causes, Concepts, and Control. Routledge. p. 45. ISBN9780124071674. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
  21. ^Agar, Michael (2007). Dope Double Agent: The Naked Emperor on Drugs. Lulu.com. ISBN978-1-4116-8103-3. Archived from the original on 17 November 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2009. What a great New York drug heroin was, I thought. Like any city, but more than most, New York is an information overload, a constant perceptual tornado that surrounds you most places you walk on the streets. Heroin is the audio-visual technology that helps manage that overload by dampening it in general and allowing a focus on some part of it that the human perceptual equipment was, in fact, designed to handle.; http://www.americanethnography.com/article.php?id=95
  22. ^Tschacher W, Haemmig R, Jacobshagen N (1 January 2003). 'Time series modeling of heroin and morphine drug action'. Psychopharmacology. 165 (2): 188–193. doi:10.1007/s00213-002-1271-3. PMID12404073.
  23. ^ abMartin WR, Fraser HF (September 1961). 'A comparative study of physiological and subjective effects of heroin and morphine administered intravenously in postaddicts'. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 133: 388–99. PMID13767429.
  24. ^'National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2011) Caesarean section.NICE Guideline (CG132)'. Archived from the original on 25 October 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  25. ^Lintzeris, N (2009). 'Prescription of heroin for the management of heroin dependence: current status'. CNS Drugs. 23 (6): 463–76. doi:10.2165/00023210-200923060-00002. PMID19480466.
  26. ^Haasen C, Verthein U, Degkwitz P, Berger J, Krausz M, Naber D (2007). 'Heroin-assisted treatment for opioid dependence: Randomised controlled trial'. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 191: 55–62. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.026112. PMID17602126.
  27. ^'Rolleston Report'. Departmental Commission on Morphine and Heroin Addiction, United Kingdom. 1926. Archived from the original on 17 April 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
  28. ^Goldacre, Ben (1998). 'Methadone and Heroin: An Exercise in Medical Scepticism'. Archived from the original on 4 March 2007. Retrieved 18 December 2006.
  29. ^Haasen C, Verthein U, Degkwitz P, Berger J, Krausz M, Naber D (July 2007). 'Heroin-assisted treatment for opioid dependence: randomised controlled trial'. Br J Psychiatry. 191: 55–62. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.026112. PMID17602126.
  30. ^'Heroin Assisted Treatment for Opiate Addicts – The Swiss Experience'. Parl.gc.ca. 31 March 1995. Archived from the original on 20 January 2010. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  31. ^Nadelmann, Ethan (10 July 1995). 'Switzerland's Heroin Experiment'. Drug Policy Alliance. Archived from the original on 29 November 2004. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
  32. ^'Swiss approve prescription heroin'. BBC News Online. 30 November 2008. Archived from the original on 30 November 2008. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
  33. ^'Heroin prescription 'cuts costs''. BBC News. 5 June 2005. Archived from the original on 28 June 2006. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
  34. ^'About the study'. North American Opiate Medication Initiative. Archived from the original on 4 November 2006. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
  35. ^Nordt C, Stohler R (2006). 'Incidence of heroin use in Zurich, Switzerland: a treatment case register analysis'(PDF). The Lancet. 367 (9525): 1830–4. CiteSeerX10.1.1.190.1876. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68804-1. PMID16753485. Archived from the original(PDF) on 3 February 2010.
  36. ^'Danmark redo för skattebetalt heroin' (in Swedish). November 2008. Archived from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
  37. ^'Gratis heroin klar til danske narkomaner' (in Danish). Information. January 2010. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
  38. ^'Heroin-behandling bliver kun i kanyler' (in Danish). Information. February 2009. Archived from the original on 20 February 2009. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
  39. ^'Prescription of injectable heroin for drug users'. Danish National Boad of Health. October 2007. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
  40. ^'Durchbruch für die Behandlung von Schwerstopiatabhängigen' [Breakthrough for the treatment of heavily addicted opiate users] (in German). Bundesministerium für Gesundheit (German ministry of health). 28 May 2009. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  41. ^ ab'Regulations Amending Certain Regulations Made Under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (Access to Diacetylmorphine for Emergency Treatment)'. Canada Gazette Directorate. 7 September 2016. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  42. ^'Prescription heroin gets green light in Canada'. CNN. 14 September 2016. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  43. ^Winger, G. (2002). 'Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (JPET) Onset of Action and Drug Reinforcement'. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 301 (2): 690–697. doi:10.1124/jpet.301.2.690.
  44. ^Eason, Kevin; Naughton, Philippe (13 March 2012). 'First murder charge over heroin mix that killed 400'. London: Times Online. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
  45. ^sepulfreak (8 July 2005). 'Erowid Experience Vaults: Heroin – Catching the Waves – 41495'. Erowid.org. Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
  46. ^Halbsguth U, Rentsch KM, Eich-Höchli D, Diterich I, Fattinger K (2008). 'Oral diacetylmorphine (heroin) yields greater morphine bioavailability than oral morphine: Bioavailability related to dosage and prior opioid exposure'. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 66 (6): 781–791. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2008.03286.x. PMC2675771. PMID18945270.
  47. ^http://www.idaat.org/files/documents_file-4.pdf[dead link]
  48. ^Strang, J.; Griffiths, P.; Gossop, M. (June 1997). 'Heroin smoking by 'chasing the dragon': origins and history'. Addiction. 92 (6): 673–683, discussion 685–695. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb02927.x. ISSN0965-2140. PMID9246796.
  49. ^Seelye, Katharine Q. (25 March 2016). 'Heroin Epidemic Is Yielding to a Deadlier Cousin: Fentanyl'. The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Archived from the original on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  50. ^ ab'Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP): Heroin Facts & Figures'. Whitehousedrugpolicy.gov. Archived from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
  51. ^ abAbuse, National Institute on Drug. 'What are the immediate (short-term) effects of heroin use?'. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  52. ^Dettmeyer RB, Preuss J, Wollersen H, Madea B (2005). 'Heroin-associated nephropathy'. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 4 (1): 19–28. doi:10.1517/14740338.4.1.19. PMID15709895.
  53. ^Myaddiction (16 May 2012). 'Heroin Withdrawal Symptoms'. MyAddiction. Archived from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
  54. ^Stephens, Richard (1991). The Street Addict Role: A Theory of Heroin Addiction. SUNY Press. p. 7. ISBN978-0-7914-0619-9.
  55. ^'Narcotic Drug Withdrawal'. Discovery Place. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
  56. ^ ab'Drugs Most Frequently Involved in Drug Overdose Deaths: United States, 2011–2016'(PDF). CDC. 12 December 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
  57. ^Darke S, Zador D (1996). 'Fatal heroin 'overdose': a review'. Addiction. 91 (12): 1765–1772. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1996.911217652.x. PMID8997759.
  58. ^'Toxic Substances in water'. Lincoln.pps.k12.or.us. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  59. ^Breecher, Edward. 'The Consumers Union Report on Licit and Illicit Drugs'. Archived from the original on 8 February 2007.
  60. ^The 'heroin overdose' mystery and other occupational hazards of addictionArchived 8 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Schaffer Library of Drug Policy
  61. ^ abcOverdose Death Rates. By National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA).
  62. ^Sawynok J (January 1986). 'The therapeutic use of heroin: a review of the pharmacological literature'. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 64 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1139/y86-001. PMID2420426.
  63. ^Klous MG, Van den Brink W, Van Ree JM, Beijnen JH (2005). 'Development of pharmaceutical heroin preparations for medical co-prescription to opioid dependent patients'. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 80 (3): 283–95. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.04.008. PMID15916865.
  64. ^Inturrisi CE, Schultz M, Shin S, Umans JG, Angel L, Simon EJ (1983). 'Evidence from opiate binding studies that heroin acts through its metabolites'. Life Sciences. 33: 773–6. doi:10.1016/0024-3205(83)90616-1. PMID6319928.
  65. ^Hitchings, Andrew; Lonsdale, Dagan; Burrage, Daniel; Baker, Emma (2014). Top 100 drugs : clinical pharmacology and practical prescribing. ISBN9780702055164.
  66. ^'Histamine release by morphine and diamorphine in man'. Archived from the original on 12 August 2010.
  67. ^Pasca del Giudice (2004). 'Cutaneous Complications of Intravenous Drug Abuse'. Medscape. British Journal of Dermatology.
  68. ^Papich, Mark G. (2016). 'Codeine'. Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Fourth Edition). W.B. Saunders. pp. 183–184. ISBN9780323244855.
  69. ^Hammers, A; Asselin, MC; Hinz, R; Kitchen, I; Brooks, DJ; Duncan, JS; Koepp, MJ (April 2007). 'Upregulation of opioid receptor binding following spontaneous epileptic seizures'. Brain : A Journal of Neurology. 130 (Pt 4): 1009–16. doi:10.1093/brain/awm012. PMID17301080.
  70. ^Brown GP, Yang K, King MA, Rossi GC, Leventhal L, Chang A, Pasternak GW (1997). '3-Methoxynaltrexone, a selective heroin/morphine-6β-glucuronide antagonist'. FEBS Letters. 412 (1): 35–8. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(97)00710-2. PMID9257684.
  71. ^'Documentation of a heroin manufacturing process in Afghanistan. BULLETIN ON NARCOTICS, Volume LVII, Nos. 1 and 2, 2005'(PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Archived(PDF) from the original on 5 July 2010. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  72. ^Baselt, R. (2011). Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man (9th ed.). Seal Beach, CA: Biomedical Publications. pp. 793–7. ISBN978-0-9626523-8-7.
  73. ^'Opium Throughout History'. PBS Frontline. Archived from the original on 23 September 2006. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
  74. ^Wright, C.R.A. (12 August 2003). 'On the Action of Organic Acids and their Anhydrides on the Natural Alkaloids'. Archived from the original on 6 June 2004. Note: this is an annotated excerpt of Wright, C.R.A. (1874). 'On the Action of Organic Acids and their Anhydrides on the Natural Alkaloids'. Journal of the Chemical Society. 27: 1031–1043. doi:10.1039/js8742701031.
  75. ^'Felix Hoffmann'. Science History Institute. June 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  76. ^Jim Edwards for Business Insider. 17 November 2011 Yes, Bayer Promoted Heroin for Children – Here Are The Ads That Prove ItArchived 1 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  77. ^'Online Etymology Dictionary'. Etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  78. ^'The Most Addictive Drugs'. Archived from the original on 13 February 2010.
  79. ^Deborah Moore for the TimesUnion. 24 August 2014 Heroin: A brief history of unintended consequencesArchived 19 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  80. ^Martin, Henry; Waters, Keith (25 January 2008). Essential Jazz: The First 100 Years. Cengage Learning. p. 168. ISBN978-0-495-50525-9. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
  81. ^Guardian newspaper 28 June 2012
  82. ^See, e.g., Azerrad, Michael. Come as You Are: The Story of Nirvana. Doubleday, 1994, at 241. ISBN0-385-47199-8.
  83. ^'Philip Anselmo Opens Up About His Heroin Addiction, Pantera's Breakup'. Blabbermouth.net. 19 August 2009. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  84. ^Sweeting, Adam (9 July 2004). 'I died. I do remember that'. The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016.
  85. ^Brown, Peter. The Love You Make: An Insider's Story of The Beatles. McGraw-Hill, 1983. New American Library, 2002. 331.
  86. ^Bates, Matthew (December 2008). 'Loaded – Great heroin songs of the rock era'(PDF). pp. 26–27. Archived from the original(PDF) on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2008.
  87. ^Liner notes, Music Bank box set. 1999.
  88. ^'Slate Tribute to Jim Carroll'. 18 September 2009. Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
  89. ^Rang HP, Dale MM, Flower RJ, Henderson G (2011). Rang & Dale's pharmacology (7th ed.). Edinburgh, UK: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN978-0-7020-3471-8.
  90. ^'Nicknames and Street Names for Heroin'. Thecyn.com. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  91. ^'HEROIN, THE POPPY'. Addiction Recovery Expose. Randolph Online Solutions Inc. Archived from the original on 22 August 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
  92. ^'Canada now allows prescription heroin in severe opioid addiction'. cbc.ca. CBC News. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
  93. ^'Heroin'. NACADA. NACADA. Archived from the original on 3 December 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
  94. ^Ochsenbein, Gabriele. ''Federal dealer' on 20 years of heroin scheme'. SWI swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
  95. ^'List of Drugs for an Urgent Public Health Need'. Health Canada. 28 June 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
  96. ^Poisons Standard October 2015 'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 19 January 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2016.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
  97. ^Poisons Act 1964 http://www.slp.wa.gov.au/pco/prod/FileStore.nsf/Documents/MRDocument:26063P/$FILE/Poisons%20Act%201964%20-%20%5B09-f0-04%5D.pdf?OpenElementArchived 22 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  98. ^Ubelacker, Sheryl (12 March 2012). 'Medically prescribed heroin more cost-effective than methadone, study suggests'. thestar.com. The Toronto Star. Archived from the original on 16 April 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
  99. ^'Heroin Legal Status'. Vaults of Erowid. Erowid.org. Archived from the original on 14 May 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
  100. ^21 CFR1308.11Archived 27 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine (CSA Sched I) with changes through 77 FR64032 (18 October 2012)
  101. ^ abAbuse, National Institute on Drug. 'How is heroin linked to prescription drug abuse?'. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
  102. ^'Opioid Data Analysis Drug Overdose CDC Injury Center'. www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
  103. ^'What's A Pill Mill?'. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
  104. ^'Documentation of a heroin manufacturing process in Afghanistan. BULLETIN ON NARCOTICS, Volume LVII, Nos. 1 and 2, 2005'(PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Archived(PDF) from the original on 5 July 2010. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  105. ^'Heroin—Illicit Drug Report'(PDF). Government of Australia. 2004. Archived(PDF) from the original on 12 February 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  106. ^'Afghanistan opium survey – 2004'(PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Archived(PDF) from the original on 24 October 2006. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
  107. ^McGirk, Tim (2 August 2004). 'Terrorism's Harvest: How al-Qaeda is tapping into the opium trade to finance its operations and destabilize Afghanistan'. Time Magazine Asia. Archived from the original on 23 January 2007. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
  108. ^'World failing to dent heroin trade, U.N. warns'. Cnn.com. 21 October 2009. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
  109. ^Andy McSmith and Phil Reeves. 'Afghanistan regains its Title as World's biggest Heroin Dealer' in The Independent, 22 June 2003
  110. ^North, Andrew (10 February 2004). 'The drugs threat to Afghanistan'. BBC. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  111. ^Gall, Carolotta (3 September 2006). 'Opium Harvest at Record Level in Afghanistan'. New York Times – Asia Pacific. Archived from the original on 28 December 2007. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
  112. ^Walsh, Declan (30 August 2007). 'UN horrified by surge in opium trade in Helmand'. London: Guardian. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
  113. ^Government of Colombia (July 2015). 'Coca cultivation survey'(PDF). Report. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). p. 67. Archived(PDF) from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
  114. ^50% of the Heroin consumed in the United States is produced in MexicoArchived 2 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine, The Yucatan Times, November 26, 2014
  115. ^Yagoub, Mimi (26 May 2016). 'Sinaloa Cartel's Takeover of US Heroin Market Questionable'. Website. InSight Crime. Archived from the original on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
  116. ^'2015 National Drug Threat Assessment Summary'(PDF). Drug Enforcement Administration. United States Department of Justice: Drug Enforcement Administration. October 2015. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original(PDF) on 10 April 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2016. Mexican TCOs pose the greatest criminal drug threat to the United States; no other group is currently positioned to challenge them. These Mexican poly-drug organizations traffic heroin, methamphetamine, cocaine, and marijuana throughout the United States, using established transportation routes and distribution networks. ... While all of these Mexican TCOs transport wholesale quantities of illicit drugs into the United States, the Sinaloa Cartel appears to be the most active supplier. The Sinaloa Cartel leverages its expansive resources and dominance in Mexico to facilitate the smuggling and transportation of drugs throughout the United States.
  117. ^Berthiaume, Lee (20 November 2014). 'U.S. raises alarm over Afghan heroin flowing through Canada'. Newspaper. Ottawa Citizen. Archived from the original on 15 June 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
  118. ^Editorial Board (26 October 2014). 'Afghanistan's Unending Addiction'. Newspaper. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 August 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
  119. ^'Country Profile: Pakistan'. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Archived from the original on 5 April 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
  120. ^Eric C. Schneider, Smack: Heroin and the American City, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008, chapter one
  121. ^ ab'War Views: Afghan heroin trade will live on'. Richard Davenport-Hines. BBC. October 2001. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
  122. ^'Haji Bagcho Sentenced To Life in Prison on Narco-Terrorism, Drug Trafficking Charges – Funded Taliban, Responsible for Almost 20 Percent of World's Heroin Production, More Than a Quarter-Billion in Drug Proceeds, Property Forfeited'. The Aiken Leader. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  123. ^ ab'Haji Bagcho Convicted by Federal Jury in Washington, D.C., on Drug Trafficking and Narco-terrorism Charges – Afghan National Trafficked More Than 123,000 Kilograms of Heroin in 2006'. US Department of Justice. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  124. ^ ab'Haji Bagcho Sentenced to Life in Prison on Trafficking/Narco-Terrorism Charges'. Surfky News. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  125. ^ abFoster, Zachary. 'Haji Bagcho, One of World's Largest Heroin Traffickers, Convicted on Drug Trafficking, Narco-Terrorism Charges'. War on Terrorism Online. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  126. ^ abcTUCKER, ERIC (12 June 2012). 'Afghan heroin trafficker gets life in US prison'. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  127. ^'2007 WORLD DRUG REPORT'(PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Archived(PDF) from the original on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  128. ^European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2008). Annual report: the state of the drugs problem in Europe(PDF). Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. p. 70. ISBN978-92-9168-324-6. Archived(PDF) from the original on 25 April 2013.
  129. ^United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2008). World drug report(PDF). United Nations Publications. p. 49. ISBN978-92-1-148229-4. Archived(PDF) from the original on 15 December 2008.
  130. ^Nutt, D.; King, L. A.; Saulsbury, W.; Blakemore, C. (2007). 'Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse'. The Lancet. 369 (9566): 1047–1053. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4. PMID17382831.
  131. ^Kimber J, Dolan K, Wodak A (2005). 'Survey of drug consumption rooms: service delivery and perceived public health and amenity impact'. Drug and Alcohol Review. 24 (1): 21–4. doi:10.1080/09595230500125047. PMID16191717.
  132. ^http://www.idaat.org/files/newsletters_file-8.pdf[permanent dead link]
  133. ^Lancashire Constabulary-Harm Reduction in the Community page 7
  134. ^'NCJRS Abstract - National Criminal Justice Reference Service'. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  135. ^ abRehm J, Gschwend P, Steffen T, Gutzwiller F, Dobler-Mikola A, Uchtenhagen A (2001). 'Feasibility, safety, and efficacy of injectable heroin prescription for refractory opioid addicts: a follow-up study'. Lancet. 358 (9291): 1417–23. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06529-1. PMID11705488. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  136. ^'Heroin Assisted Treatment Drug Policy Alliance'. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016. Netherlands, United Kingdom, Germany, Spain, Denmark, Belgium, Canada, and Luxembourg
  137. ^Michael Le Page (18 May 2015). 'Home-brew heroin: soon anyone will be able to make illegal drugs'. New Scientist. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016.
  138. ^Robert F. Service (25 June 2015). 'Final step in sugar-to-morphine conversion deciphered'. Science. Archived from the original on 21 August 2015.

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Heroin
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heroin.
Look up heroin in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • Heroin at Curlie
  • Drug-poisoning Deaths Involving Heroin: United States, 2000–2013U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics.
  • Heroin Trafficking in the United States (2016) by Kristin Finklea, Congressional Research Service.
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heroin&oldid=897069361'
Categories:
Hidden categories:

Download Scientific Workplace 5.5 Serial Key Crack Keygen

With Scientific WorkPlace Version 5.5, you can create, edit, and typeset mathematical and scientific text more easily than ever before. The software is based on an easy-to-use word processor that completely integrates writing mathematics and text in the same environment. With the built-in computer algebra system, you can perform computations right on the screen.

Scientific Workplace 5.5 Crack Serial Key Free Download

The Gold Standard for Mathematical, Scientific, and Technical Publishing

In Scientific WorkPlace, you can typeset complex technical documents with LaTeX, the industry standard for mathematics typesetting. Because of its superior precision and quality, publishers and writers of scientific material use LaTeX extensively. When you typeset, LaTeX automatically generates footnotes, indexes, bibliographies, tables of contents, and cross-references.

You don’t have to learn LaTeX to produce typeset documents. Many of the more than 150 document shells have been designed to meet the typesetting requirements of specific professional journals and institutions. Scientific WorkPlace automatically saves your documents as LaTeX files. You can concentrate on writing a correct paper; Scientific WorkPlace makes it a beautiful one.

The Power of An Easy-to-Use Computer Algebra System

Scientific WorkPlace combines the ease of entering and editing mathematics in natural mathematical notation with the ability to compute with the built-in computer algebra engine,MuPAD® 3.1. In this integrated working environment, you can enter mathematics and perform computations without having to think or work in a programming language.

The computer algebra system uses natural mathematical notation, so you don’t have to master complex syntax to be able to evaluate, simplify, solve, or plot mathematical expressions.

Full computer algebra capabilities are available. You can compute symbolically or numerically, integrate, differentiate, and solve algebraic and differential equations. With menu commands, you can compute with over 150 units of physical measure. You can import data from graphing calculators.

In addition, you can use the Exam Builder provided with Scientific WorkPlace to construct exams algorithmically and to generate, grade, and record quizzes on a web server.

Animate, Rotate, Zoom, and Fly

With Scientific WorkPlace Version 5.5, you can create 2-D and 3-D plots in many styles and coordinate systems, and enhance the plots with background color, grid lines, and plot labels in specified locations and orientations. And with MuPAD‘s VCAM you can animate these kinds of plots: 2D plots in polar coordinates, 2D and 3D plots in rectangular coordinates, 2D and 3D implicit plots, 2D and 3D vector fields, 3D tube plots, 3D plots in cylindrical coordinates, and 3D plots in spherical coordinates and vector fields.

View all your plots in the VCAM window with playback toolbar controls. Use your mouse to start, stop, re-run, and loop animations. Define an animation variable tfor your plot and specify the animation start and end times and the rate of frames per second. With OpenGL 3D graphics, you can rotate, move, zoom in and out, and fly through 3D plots.

Sharing Your Work Is Easy

Scientific WorkPlace simplifies working with colleagues in other locations. Version 5.5 includes a new input filter for importing files created in native LaTeX. The filter can read many macro definitions not created in Scientific WorkPlace.

The program also includes support for pdfTeX. Before passing your file to the pdfTeX processor,Scientific WorkPlace converts all the graphics in your file to a form that can be processed by pdfLaTeX. Also, documents that use the Hyperref package produce PDF documents that are fully hyperlinked, with links in the table of contents and with hierarchical bookmarks corresponding to the structure of your document. This combination of support for embedded graphics with a large variety of formats and full hyperlinking makes the PDF documents produced by Scientific WorkPlace superior both to the results of pdfLaTeX alone and to the results of Acrobat. When you use pdfTeX to print your document, you can use PostScript-related packages such as Rotating or the PSNFSS font packages that were previously unsupported in the program.

Support for creating PDF files now combines with support for Beamer so that you can create typeset PDF presentations from your Scientific WorkPlace documents. Beamer support provides dynamic transitions and many predefined slide styles to help you create professional-looking presentations, handouts, and transparencies that contain text, mathematics, graphics, and even animations.

Scientific WorkPlace imports text (.txt) and Rich Text Format (.rtf) files, and exports documents to RTF format for importing into Microsoft Word. The mathematics in your document are converted to Microsoft Equation Editor or MathType 5 format.

You can create .dvi, .htm, .pdf, or .rtf files from your documents, or generate portable LaTeX output for seamless transfer to different LaTeX installations. Also, you can copy content to the clipboard for export as text or graphics to other applications. The Document Manager simplifies file transfer between colleagues by building all-inclusive document files, including plot snapshots and VCAM files.

Increased Productivity

This software thinks like you do. Whether you prefer to use the mouse or the keyboard, entering mathematics is so straightforward there is practically no learning curve. Formatting is fast, simple, and consistent. In Scientific WorkPlace, you use tags to define the document structure and format it consistently.

Users have reported significant productivity increases when support staff use Scientific WorkPlace instead of raw LaTeX to typeset documents. Both technical and non-technical users can quickly learn to enter and number equations, create tables and matrices, and import and create graphics, all with pleasing on-screen mathematics and italics created with TrueType outline fonts.

Scientific WorkPlace has the tools that simplify writing and editing books and other large documents. It is perfect for writers in academic, industrial, and government institutions and in all scientific and technical fields: mathematics, physics, engineering, economics, chemistry, computer science, statistics, medical research, and logic. With the external lookup feature, you can access or run external programs, such as a search engine or other application, directly from your Scientific WorkPlace document.

The software comes with an extensive online help system and a series of reference manuals. If you need additional help, MacKichan Software provides reliable, prompt, free technical support.

International, Interoperable, Indispensable

Scientific WorkPlace simplifies working with colleagues in other locations. You can import text (.txt) and Rich Text Format (.rtf) files, and you can copy content to the clipboard for export as text or graphics to other applications. You can create .dvi, .htm, .pdf, or .rtf files from your documents, or generate portable LaTeX output for seamless transfer to different LaTeX installations. The Document Manager simplifies file transfer by email or on diskette.

Spelling, font, and hyphenation support for languages other than English is available. You can switch languages in the same document using Babel, the multilingual LaTeX system. The software supports input using any left-to-right language supported by a version of Windows, including Chinese, Japanese, and Russian. It uses the in-place IME (Input Method Editor) for these languages. (The ability to typeset a language may depend on the availability of TeX for that language. Non-Latin character sets are typeset with Lambda, which is included.) Fully localized Japanese and Germanversions of Scientific WorkPlace are available now through our local distributors.

Scientific WorkPlace has a built-in link to the World Wide Web. If you have Internet access, you can open the file at any URL address from inside the program. Also, you can deliver content via the Web. The software supports hypertext links, so you can facilitate navigation for your readers through a series of related documents. Readers can view and print documents using Scientific Viewer, which we distribute at no cost.

Scientific Workplace 5.5 Serial Key Crack Keygen


Comments are closed.